# C++ Notes: Braces {}

## History

The first popular use of braces to indicate scope was the Algol programming language from about 1960. Many newer languages have chosen better alternatives to this particularly awkward and error-prone notation. For example, Visual Basic uses keywords to indicate the end of statement scope and Python uses indentation, but the C/C++/Java/C# family continues to use braces.

## One-statement body

For `if`, `while`, and `for` statements the rule is that the body consists of one statement. If you want more than one statement in the body, you can enclose the statements in curly braces. Remember that excess white space, blanks, tabs, and newlines, don't change the interpretation of a program's syntax. For example,

        if (x==1) n++;

is the same as

        if (x==1)
            x++;

is the same as

        if (x==1) {
            x++;
        }

as are many other variations. The braces are necessary when there is more than one statement in the body.

        if (x==1) {
            n++;
            p++;
        }

This will increment both `n` and `p` if `x` is one. In contrast,

        if (x==1)
            n++;
            p++;

will increment only `n` if `x` is one, then always increment `p`, despite the misleading indentation.

## What is "one" statement?

In addition to the obvious single statements, eg an assignment statement, an `if`, `while`, or other statement that may contain a body is one statement.

        while (cin >> x)
            if (x==1)
                n++;
            else
                n--;

The `if` statement counts as only one statement, even tho it contains other statements.

## Rule: Always indent

Regardless of the use of braces, always indent statements that are in the body of another statement.

## Common rule: Always use braces

Altho the language doesn't require it, some programming style standards require the use of the braces, even if there is only one statement in the body of another statement. Why? (1) Because it improves the uniformity and therefore readability, and (2) because inserting an additional statement in the body where there is only one statement is less error-prone because it's easy to forget to add braces when the indentation gives such a strong (but possibly misleading) guide to the structure.